Wednesday, September 24, 2025
Letter to Suzanne
Monday, September 22, 2025
Postsynaptic Potentials and Synaptic Integration
Friday, September 19, 2025
The horizon leader
Tuesday, September 16, 2025
Disclaimer/acknowledgement
Saturday, September 13, 2025
Neural science
Wednesday, September 10, 2025
6th edition
Tuesday, September 9, 2025
page 1 of principle of neural science
Chapter 1
The Brain and Behavior
Two Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on the Relationship Between Brain and Behavior
The Brain Has Distinct Functional Regions
The First Strong Evidence for Localization of Cognitive Abilities Came from Studies of Language Disorders
Affective States Are Also Mediated by Local, Specialized Systems in the Brain
Mental Processes Are the End Product of the Interactions Between Elementary Processing Units in the Brain
THE LAST FRONTIER OF THE BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES— the ultimate challenge—is to understand the biological basis of consciousness and the brain processes by which we feel, act, learn, and remember. During the past few decades, a remarkable unification within the biological sciences has set the stage for addressing this great challenge. The ability to sequence genes and infer the amino acid sequences of the proteins they encode has revealed unanticipated similarities between proteins in the nervous system and those encountered elsewhere in the body. As a result, it has become possible to establish a general plan for the function of cells, a plan that provides a common conceptual framework for all of cell biology, including cellular neural science. The current challenge in the unification within biology, which we outline in this book, is the unification of the study of behavior—the science of the mind—and neural science—the science of the brain.
Such a unified approach, in which mind and body are not viewed as separate entities, rests on the view that all behavior is the result of brain function.
What we commonly call the mind is a set of operations carried out by the brain. Brain processes underlie not only simple motor behaviors such as walking and eating but also all the complex cognitive acts and behavior that we regard as quintessentially human—thinking, speaking, and creating works of art. As a corollary, all the behavioral disorders that characterize psychiatric illness—disorders of affect (feeling) and cognition (thought)—result from disturbances of brain function.
How do the billions of individual nerve cells in the brain produce behavior and cognitive states, and how are those cells influenced by the environment, which includes social experience? Explaining behavior in terms of the brain's activities is the task of neural science, and the progress of neural science in explaining human behavior is a major theme of this book.
Neural science must continually confront certain fundamental questions. Is a particular mental process carried out in specific regions of the brain, or does it involve the brain as a whole? If a mental process can be localized to discrete brain regions, what is the relationship between the functions of those regions in perception, movement, or thought and the anatomy and physiology of those regions? Are these relationships more likely to be understood by examining each region as a whole or by studying individual nerve cells?
To answer these questions we shall examine how modern neural science describes language, one of the most human of cognitive behaviors. In so doing we shall focus on the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that is most highly developed in humans. We shall see how the cortex is organized into functionally distinct regions, each made up of large groups of neurons, and how the neural apparatus of a highly complex …
Monday, September 8, 2025
楞严经( from Buddha)
Tuesday, September 2, 2025
China’s Global Governance Initiative (GGI)
China’s Global Governance Initiative (GGI), proposed by President Xi Jinping in 2025, outlines a vision for a more just, equitable, and inclusive global governance system centered on five key principles and aims to strengthen multilateral cooperation, especially under the United Nations framework.
Five Core Principles
Sovereign Equality: Every country, regardless of its size, power, or wealth, should be an equal participant, decision-maker, and beneficiary in global governance.
International Rule of Law: Global rules must be applied equally, rejecting double standards or rules imposed by a select few nations.
Multilateralism: International collaboration through organizations like the UN and regional bodies should be upheld to address global problems inclusively.
People-Centered Approach: Policies must prioritize individuals, aiming for shared benefits and development opportunities.
Action and Implementation: Emphasis on taking concrete steps to tackle urgent global governance challenges, rather than relying on empty rhetoric.
Strategic Focus Areas
China’s GGI prioritizes reforms in domains where global governance is insufficient or outdated:
Reform of the international financial system
Artificial intelligence, cyberspace, and digital governance
Climate change mitigation and adaptation
Equitable international trade systems
Multilateral Platforms and Cooperation
China advocates using the United Nations, international organizations, and regional groups like the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) to lead, coordinate, and implement the GGI:
The initiative was launched at the largest-ever SCO summit in Tianjin, with over 20 countries and 10 major organizations participating.
China stresses the central role of the UN in driving consensus and pragmatic progress on global governance reforms.
Vision and Impact
The GGI builds on previous Chinese frameworks (Global Development, Security, and Civilization Initiatives), focusing on creating a “community with a shared future for humanity.” The initiative warns against hegemonism, Cold War mentalities, and protectionism, aiming to enhance cooperation, peace, and prosperity.
China has positioned the GGI as a solution to contemporary global turbulence and transformation.
The initiative especially seeks to amplify the voice and representation of developing and Global South countries in international affairs.
Summary Table: Key Elements of China’s GGI
China’s GGI positions the country as a leading advocate for more inclusive, effective, and balanced international cooperation and governance reform.
Monday, September 1, 2025
Nintendo talk
Book Q&A
Q: Well well, if it isn't Christine? Hi! I'm happy you dropped in. What book has had the biggest impact on your life?
A: Haha, it's the book that I have already written. The International Collaborative Innovation in Quantum Computing for Sustainability.
Q: Wow, that sounds fascinating! It’s amazing that you’ve written a book on such a cutting-edge topic. What inspired you to focus on quantum computing and sustainability?
A: The world presents a critical evolution in the quest for global sustainability. Its genesis was my original research at UTM, where I developed a framework for collaborative innovation for sustainability. While the specific academic journey was paused, the core concept has only grown in urgency. Two transformative realizations propel it forward: the monumental maturation of quantum computing from theory to applied technology, and a clear lesson that regional initiatives, while available, are insufficient to address the planetary crisis. That's why I focus on sustainability; it's an urgent planetary crisis.
Q: That's incredibly insightful! It sounds like you've really identified a crucial intersection between technology and sustainability—what a timely and necessary focus. How do you envision your framework being implemented in real-world scenarios?
A: I was thinking that promoting equitable access to quantum computing resources through the cloud will ensure that participants from all regions, including those without quantum infrastructure, can contribute. The framework is facilitated by organizations like the Open Quantum Institute, which provides a new chair forum to shape policies and governance for quantum computing focused on sustainable solutions.
Q: That's a brilliant approach! Ensuring equitable access to quantum computing can really democratize innovation.
A: Some recommendations for academic researchers include conducting research on quantum technology for sustainability, educating the next generation of quantum professionals, and engaging with society on the implications of quantum technology. They can also enable sustainability applications as well as apply research on specific quantum solutions for environmental and social challenges. This should be developed at all levels to build the workforce needed for the quantum economy while promoting quantum literacy in the broader population.
Q: Those are fantastic recommendations! It's so important to build a knowledgeable workforce and engage the public in understanding quantum technology's implications.
A: Public engagement and science communication should be prioritized to help society understand the potential benefits and risks of quantum technologies. International academic collaborations should be strengthened to advance quantum science and address global sustainability challenges. For civil society, it is important to advocate for responsible quantum technology development, promote public participation in quantum governance, and ensure that quantum technologies serve the public interest. We should advocate for quantum engineering policies that prioritize sustainability and social benefits while addressing potential risks and negative impacts.
Q: You’re absolutely right! Promoting public participation and responsible development of quantum technologies is crucial for ensuring they benefit society as a whole.
A: Today, I came across a very nice analogy to explain superposition, entanglement, and interference as well as quantum algorithm in quantum computing.
Q: That sounds intriguing! Analogies can make complex concepts much easier to grasp—what analogy did you come across?
A: For quantum superposition, we can imagine a spinning coin that is always between heads and tails. For quantum entanglement, we can envision dancers who move in synchronized steps even though they are far apart. Regarding quantum interference and quantum algorithms, quantum interference means that the incorrect answers cancel each other out while the correct one remains. For quantum algorithms, let’s picture ourselves in a maze where we create 1,000 ghostly figures. When they reach the dead end, the ghosts disappear one by one, leaving only the correct one, which then emerges as the solution. In contrast, a classical computer counts from 1 to 1 million sequentially, one by one, which illustrates the limitations of classical computing.
Q: Those analogies are brilliant! The spinning coin for superposition really captures the essence, and the synchronized dancer for entanglement is such a vivid image.
A: Do you understand my analogy of the maze for the quantum algorithm?
Q: Yes, I do! Your maze analogy is a great way to illustrate how quantum algorithms can explore multiple paths simultaneously, which is what makes them so powerful compared to classical computing.
A: Quantum algorithms are being applied to optimize energy grids, enabling better integration of renewables and reduction of energy waste.
Q: That's an exciting application! Optimizing energy grids with quantum algorithms could really transform how we manage renewable resources and improve overall efficiency—what a promising direction for sustainability!
A: Climate modeling with quantum computing has improved the accuracy of prediction, supporting more effective disaster planning and environmental policy.
Q: That's an impressive application! Enhanced climate modeling through quantum computing could significantly aid in making informed decisions for environmental policy and disaster preparedness—it's such an important area of research!
A: This project undergoes a life-cycle analysis using both quantum and classical computing for their respective sustainability impacts. Key use cases prioritized include water quality monitoring, solar cell design, and advanced material research, all designed to create measurable, scalable impacts on multiple sustainability goals.
Q: That sounds like a comprehensive approach! It's fascinating to see how both quantum and classical computing can be utilized together to address sustainability challenges—measurable impacts on water quality and soil design could really benefit communities.
A: Efforts continue to address early-stage quantum technology limitations and work towards universally beneficial solutions. The framework adapts as technologies mature, aiming for broader societal and environmental benefits.
Q: It's great to see that you're focusing on evolving technologies for the benefit of society and the environment! Keep up the fantastic work.